Original Article
Billett, M.F. and Moore, T.R. 2008. Supersaturation and evasion of CO2 and CH4 in surface waters at Mer Bleue Peatland, Canada. Hydrological Processes 22(12): 2044-54.
10.1002/hyp.6805Borges, A. V., Darchambeau, F. Teodoru, C.R., Marwick, T.R., Tamooh, F., Geeraert, N., Omengo, F.O., Guérin, F., Lambert, T., Morana, C., Okuku, E., and Bouillon. S. 2015. Globally significant Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from African Inland Waters. Nature Geoscience 8(8): 637-42.
10.1038/ngeo2486Borges, A.V., Darchambeau, F., Lambert, T., Bouillon, S., Morana, C., Brouyère, S., Hakoun, V., Jurado, A., Tseng, H.C., Descy, J.P., and Roland F.A.E. 2018. Effects of agricultural land use on fluvial carbon dioxide, Methane and nitrous oxide concentrations in a large European river, the Meuse (Belgium). Science of The Total Environment 610-611:342-55.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.047Crawford, J.T., Striegl, R.G., Wickland, K.P., Dornblaser, M.M., and Stanley, E.H. 2013. Emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from a headwater stream network of interior Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 118(2): 482-94.
10.1002/jgrg.20034D’Arifat, M., De Giudici, P., Audibert, V., Rakotondrainibe, T., and Magra, A. 2019. Environmental and Social Impact Study Report: Final Report, Preparatory Study of the AEP Antananarivo Project. AETS Consortium (Espelia & Seureca), prepared for the European Investment Bank (EIB), Madagascar.
Deschamps, J. H., Covell, M. A., Southall, A. W., Kent, R. K., and Dresch, J. (2023). Madagascar. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar.
Forster, P., Storelvmo, T., Armour, K., Collins, W., Dufresne, J.-L., Frame, D., Lunt, D.J., Mauritsen, T., PalmForsterer, M.D., Watanabe, M., Wild, M., and Zhang, H. 2021. The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity. In, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J.B.R., Maycock, T.K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B. (eds.), Climate Change 2021 - The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 923-1054.
Hao, X., Yu, R., Zhang, Z., Qi, Z., Lu X., Liu T., and Gao R. 2021. Greenhouse gas emissions from the water- air interface of a grassland river: a case study of the Xilin River. Scientific Reports 11(1): 2659.
10.1038/s41598-021-81658-x33514773PMC7846838Harrison, J. and Matson, P. 2003. Patterns and controls of nitrous oxide emissions from waters draining a subtropical agricultural valley. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17(3).
10.1029/2002GB001991Helton, A.M., Ardón, M., and Bernhardt, E.S. 2015. Thermodynamic constraints on the utility of ecological stoichiometry for explaining global biogeochemical patterns. Ecology Letters 18(10): 1049-56.
10.1111/ele.12487Ho, L., Jerves-Cobo, R., Barthel, M., Six, J., Bode, S., Boeckx, P., and Goethals, P. 2022. Greenhouse gas dynamics in an urbanized river system: influence of water quality and land use. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(25): 37277-37290.
10.1007/s11356-021-18081-2Inwood, S.E., Tank, J.L., and Bernot, M.J. 2007. factors controlling sediment denitrification in midwestern streams of varying land Use. Microbial Ecology 53(2): 247-58.
10.1007/s00248-006-9104-2Li, M., Peng, C., Zhang, K., Xu, L., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Li, P., Liu, Z., and He, N. 2021. Headwater stream ecosystem: an important source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Water Research 190: 116738.
10.1016/j.watres.2020.116738Marzadri, A., Amatulli, G., Tonina, D., Bellin, A., Shen, L.Q., Allen, G.H., and Raymond, P.A. 2021. Global riverine nitrous oxide emissions: the role of small streams and large rivers. Science of The Total Environment 776: 145148.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145148Masese, F.O., Salcedo-Borda, J.S., Gettel, G.M., Irvine, K., and McClain, M.E. 2017. Influence of catchment land use and seasonality on dissolved organic matter composition and ecosystem metabolism in headwater streams of a Kenyan River. Biogeochemistry 132(1-2): 1-22.
10.1007/s10533-016-0269-6Mwanake, R.M., Gettel, G.M., Aho, K.S., Namwaya, D.W., Masese, F.O., Butterbach‐Bahl, K., and Raymond, P.A. 2019. Land use, not stream order, controls N2O Concentration and flux in the upper Mara River Basin, Kenya. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 124(11): 3491-3506.
10.1029/2019JG00506332355583PMC7185232Quick, A.M., Reeder, W.J., Farrell, T.B., Tonina, D., Feris, K.P., and Benner, S.G. 2019. Nitrous oxide from streams and rivers: a review of primary biogeochemical pathways and environmental variables. Earth-Science Reviews 191: 224-262
10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.021Randrianantoandro, T.L., Rajerison, W.A., and Rakotobe, R.V. 2014. Study of the fate of indigo carmine in the Ikopa River Antananarivo- Madagascar. Afrique Science 10(2): 98-117.
Raunet, M. 1980. Ble Project The Lowlands and Alluvial Plains of Highlands of Madagascar- Morpho Pedological and Hydrological Recognition. Tropical agronomic and food crops research Institut. Tananarivo.
Raymond, P.A., Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Sobek, S., McDonald, C., Hoover, M., Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., Kortelainen, P., Dürr, H., Meybeck, M., Ciais, P., and Guth, P. 2013. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. Nature 503(7476): 355-359.
10.1038/nature12760Tang, W.Y., Xu, J., and Li. S. 2021. Rapid urbanization effects on partial pressure and emission of CO2 in three rivers with different urban Intensities. Ecological Indicators 125: 107515.
10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107515Taylor, P.G. and Townsend, A.R. 2010. Stoichiometric control of organic carbon-nitrate relationships from soils to the sea. Nature 464(7292): 1178-81.
10.1038/nature08985Wang, G., Xia, X., Liu, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Wang, J., Xi, N., and Zhang, Q. 2021. Intense methane ebullition from urban inland waters and its significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Water Research 189: 116654.
10.1016/j.watres.2020.116654Wang, J., Wang, G., Zhang, S., Xin, Y., Jiang, C., Liu, S., He, X., McDowell, W.H., and Xia, X. 2022. Indirect nitrous oxide emission factors of fluvial networks can be predicted by dissolved organic carbon and nitrate from local to global scales. Global Change Biology 28(24): 7270-85.
10.1111/gcb.16458Weiss, R.F. and Price, B.A. 1980. Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater. Marine Chemistry 8(4):347-359.
10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9Wu, S., Wang, X., Liu, T., He, Y., Que, Z., Wang, J., Li, H., Yu, L., Zhang, Y., and Yuan, X. 2021. Spatiotemporal variability of the nitrous oxide concentrations and fluxes from a cascaded dammed river. Frontiers in Environmental Science 9.
10.3389/fenvs.2021.728489Zanaga, D., Van De Kerchove, R., Daems, D., De Keersmaecker, W., Brockmann, C., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Cartus, O., Santoro, M., Fritz, S., Lesiv, M., Herold, M., Tsendbazar, N.E., Xu, P., Ramoino, F., and Arino, O. 2022. ESA WorldCover 10 m 2021 V200.
Zhang, L., Xia, X., Liu, S., Zhang, S., Li, S., Wang, J., Wang, G., Gao, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Wen, W., Liu, R., Yang, Z., Stanley, E.H., and Raymond, P.A. 2020. Significant methane ebullition from alpine permafrost rivers on the East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Nature Geoscience 13(5): 349-354.
10.1038/s41561-020-0571-8- Publisher :Korean Society of Ecology and Infrastructure Engineering
- Publisher(Ko) :응용생태공학회
- Journal Title :Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
- Journal Title(Ko) :응용생태공학회 논문집
- Volume : 13
- No :2
- Pages :108-117
- Received Date : 2026-05-27
- Revised Date : 2026-06-15
- Accepted Date : 2026-06-15
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.17820/eri.2026.13.2.108
Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
